Repenser le droit à l'oubli

International audienceLa question de l'impact des réseaux socionumériques sur la société contemporaine met à jour des enjeux importants en terme de protection des données personnelles sur l'internet. Le droit à l'oubli est présenté comme une solution face à la marchandisation croissante des données personnelles mais se base principalement sur des analyses technicistes qui éludent les changements sociaux initiés par l'internet. Pourtant, c'est une technologie qui reconfigure fortement les paradigmes spatiaux et temporels tels que connus jusqu'ici, et qui amène à s'interroger sur la frontière acceptable entre la mémoire et l'oubli

Nuclear inclusion of nontargeted and chromatin-targeted polystyrene beads and plasmid DNA containing nanoparticles

The nuclear membrane is one of the major cellular barriers in the delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA). Cell division has a positive influence on the expression efficiency since, at the end of mitosis, pDNA or pDNA containing complexes near the chromatin are probably included by a random process in the nuclei of the daughter cells. However, very little is known about the nuclear inclusion of nanoparticles during cell division. Using the Xenopus nuclear envelope reassembly (XNER) assay, we found that the nuclear enclosure of nanoparticles was dependent on size (with 100 and 200 nm particles being better included than the 500 nm ones) and charge (with positively charged particles being better included than negatively charged cr polyethyleneglycolated (PEGylated) ones) of the beads. Also, coupling chromatin-targeting peptides to the polystyrene beads or pDNA complexes improved their inclusion by 2- to 3-fold. Upon microinjection in living HeLa cells, however, nanoparticles were never observed in the nuclei of cells postdivision but accumulated in a specific perinuclear region, which was identified as the lysosomal compartment. This indicates that nanoparticles can end up in the lysosomes even when they were not delivered through endocytosis. To elucidate if the chromatin binding peptides also have potential in living cells, this additional barrier first has to be tackled, since it prevents free particles from being present near the chromatin at the moment of cell division

La protection des données personnelles sur l'internet. Analyse des discours et des enjeux sociopolitiques

This thesis, in Communication and Information Sciences, raises the question of the internet personal data protection through the discourses analysis of four actors concerned with this subject: internet companies, authorities regulating, French population and national press. The objective is to understand how, through the discourses of each one of these actors, the question of the jamming of the spheres private and public about the Internet takes shape. It is a question which increases with the development of the Internet, in particular with the multiplication of the social digital network, which gives to the Internet users various opportunities to display their privacy. The multiplication of the interpersonal relationship devices connection is then accompanied by a contemporary dialectical between private and public spheres, not always controlled by concerned people.This interaction between private and public leads to a transfert of the border wich separates the two spheres and can involves some drifts on behalf of specialized companies, such Google and Facebook, toward the aggregation of personal data contents. Indeed, databases are central in the economic system of these companies and gained a commercial value. However, the commercial use as of these data is not necessarily known by the user and can be realized without its agreement, at least in an explicit way. This double questioning related to the jamming of the private and public spheres, i.e., firstly, the individual aspect where the Internet user is incited to reveal personal elements more and more, and, secondly, the related aspect with the selling of the data by the Internet companies, then generates the question of the individual freedom and data confidentiality. The regulating authorities, in France or in European Union, try to provide answers in order to protect the Internet users by setting up actions relating to the right to be forgotten or by prosecuting Google, for example, when the company does not conform to the laws in force on the territory concerned. The various angles of incidence as well as the diversity of the studied actors required the constitution of a multidimentional corpus in order to have a comparative approach of the different representations. This corpus includes texts registered like political discourses, regulating authorities speeches, companies of the Internet speeches, specifically Google and Facebook, or press speeches which occupy a meta-discursive position since they repeat speeches of the actors previously stated. It includes also oral speeches made up of talks especially recorded for this research with some persons taken randomly in the French population. A quantitative analysis of the discourses between 2010 and 2013, contemporary period with the thesis, permit to carry out a first sorting and to select only the most relevant speeches compared to our hypothesis. The qualitative analysis which followed was based on the theoretical framework previously elaborate in order to cross the representations of the actors in connection with the personal data and to highlight the various visions about this question.Cette thèse, dans le cadre des Sciences de l'Information et de la Communication aborde la question de la protection des données personnelles sur l’internet à travers l’étude des discours de quatre acteurs concernés par ce sujet : les entreprises de l’internet, les instances régulatrices, la population française et la presse nationale. L’objectif est de comprendre comment, à travers les discours de chacun de ces acteurs, se dessinent la question du brouillage des sphères privée et publique sur l’internet. C’est une question qui prend de l’ampleur avec le développement de l’internet, notamment avec la multiplication des réseaux socionumériques, qui offrent aux internautes différentes possibilités pour afficher leur extimité. La multiplication des dispositifs de mise en relation interpersonnelle s'accompagne alors d'une nouvelle dialectique contemporaine entre le privé et le public, pas toujours maîtrisée par les personnes concernées.Cette interaction entre le public et le privé induit un déplacement de la frontière qui sépare les deux sphères et peut entraîner certaines dérives de la part des entreprises spécialisées, telles Google ou Facebook, par rapport à l'agrégation des données personnelles des internautes. En effet, les bases de données sont au cœur du système économique de ces entreprises et ont acquis une valeur marchande liée à des enjeux essentiels par rapport à leur fonctionnement. Or, l’utilisation commerciale des ces données n’est pas nécessairement connue par l’utilisateur et peut être réalisée sans son accord, du moins de manière explicite. Ce double questionnement lié au brouillage des sphères privée et publique, c'est-à-dire, premièrement, l’aspect individuel où l’internaute est incité à dévoiler de plus en plus d’éléments personnels, et, deuxièmement, l’aspect lié à la marchandisation des données par les entreprises de l’internet, engendre alors la question de la confidentialité des données et des libertés individuelles. Les instances régulatrices, que ce soit à l’échelle de la France ou de l’Union Européenne, tentent d’apporter des réponses afin de protéger l’internaute en mettant en place des actions concernant le droit à l’oubli ou en poursuivant juridiquement Google, par exemple, lorsque l’entreprise ne se conforme pas aux lois en vigueur sur le territoire concerné.Les différents angles d’approche ainsi que la diversité des acteurs étudiés ont nécessité la constitution d’un corpus multidimentionnel afin d’avoir une approche comparative des différents représentations. Ce corpus comprend à la fois des textes inscrits comme les discours politiques, les discours des instances régulatrices, les discours des entreprises de l’internet, plus spécifiquement Google et Facebook ou les discours de presse qui occupent une position méta-discursive puisqu’ils se font l’écho des discours des acteurs précédemment énoncés. Il comprend aussi des discours oraux constitués d’entretiens spécialement réalisés dans le cadre de cette recherche auprès d’individus pris au hasard de la population française. Une analyse quantitative des discours entre 2010 et 2013, période contemporaine à la thèse, a permis d’effectuer un premier tri et de ne sélectionner que les discours les plus pertinents par rapport à nos hypothèses. L’analyse qualitative qui a suivi a été basée sur le cadre théorique précédemment élaboré afin de croiser les représentations des acteurs à propos des données personnelles et mettre en évidence les différentes visions inhérentes à cette question.This double questioning related to the jamming of the private and public spheres, i.e., firstly, the individual aspect where the Internet user is incited to reveal personal elements more and more, and, secondly, the related aspect with the selling of the data by the Internet companies, then generates the question of the individual freedom and data confidentiality. The regulating authorities, in France or in European Union, try to provide answers in order to protect the Internet users by setting up actions relating to the right to be forgotten or by prosecuting Google, for example, when the company does not conform to the laws in force on the territory concerned. The various angles of incidence as well as the diversity of the studied actors required the constitution of a multidimentional corpus in order to have a comparative approach of the different representations. This corpus includes texts registered like political discourses, regulating authorities speeches, companies of the Internet speeches, specifically Google and Facebook, or press speeches which occupy a meta-discursive position since they repeat speeches of the actors previously stated. It includes also oral speeches made up of talks especially recorded for this research with some persons taken randomly in the French population. A quantitative analysis of the discourses between 2010 and 2013, contemporary period with the thesis, permit to carry out a first sorting and to select only the most relevant speeches compared to our hypothesis. The qualitative analysis which followed was based on the theoretical framework previously elaborate in order to cross the representations of the actors in connection with the personal data and to highlight the various visions about this question

Precision of readout at the hunchback gene: analyzing short transcription time traces in living fly embryos

The simultaneous expression of the hunchback gene in the numerous nuclei of the developing fly embryo gives us a unique opportunity to study how transcription is regulated in living organisms. A recently developed MS2-MCP technique for imaging nascent messenger RNA in living Drosophila embryos allows us to quantify the dynamics of the developmental transcription process. The initial measurement of the morphogens by the hunchback promoter takes place during very short cell cycles, not only giving each nucleus little time for a precise readout, but also resulting in short time traces of transcription. Additionally, the relationship between the measured signal and the promoter state depends on the molecular design of the reporting probe. We develop an analysis approach based on tailor made autocorrelation functions that overcomes the short trace problems and quantifies the dynamics of transcription initiation. Based on live imaging data, we identify signatures of bursty transcription initiation from the hunchback promoter. We show that the precision of the expression of the hunchback gene to measure its position along the anterior-posterior axis is low both at the boundary and in the anterior even at cycle 13, suggesting additional post-transcriptional averaging mechanisms to provide the precision observed in fixed embryos

Synthetic reconstruction of the hunchback promoter specifies the role of Bicoid, Zelda and Hunchback in the dynamics of its transcription

For over 40 years, the Bicoid-hunchback (Bcd-hb) system in the fruit fly embryo has been used as a model to study how positional information in morphogen concentration gradients is robustly translated into step-like responses. A body of quantitative comparisons between theory and experiment have since questioned the initial paradigm that the sharp hb transcription pattern emerges solely from diffusive biochemical interactions between the Bicoid transcription factor and the gene promoter region. Several alternative mechanisms have been proposed, such as additional sources of positional information, positive feedback from Hb proteins or out-of-equilibrium transcription activation. By using the MS2-MCP RNA-tagging system and analysing in real time, the transcription dynamics of synthetic reporters for Bicoid and/or its two partners Zelda and Hunchback, we show that all the early hb expression pattern features and temporal dynamics are compatible with an equilibrium model with a short decay length Bicoid activity gradient as a sole source of positional information. Meanwhile, Bicoid’s partners speed-up the process by different means: Zelda lowers the Bicoid concentration threshold required for transcriptional activation while Hunchback reduces burstiness and increases the polymerase firing rate.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

CD95 co-stimulation blocks activation of naive T cells by inhibiting T cell receptor signaling

CD95 is a multifunctional receptor that induces cell death or proliferation depending on the signal, cell type, and cellular context. Here, we describe a thus far unknown function of CD95 as a silencer of T cell activation. Naive human T cells triggered by antigen-presenting cells expressing a membrane-bound form of CD95 ligand (CD95L) or stimulated by anti-CD3 and -CD28 antibodies in the presence of recombinant CD95L had reduced activation and proliferation, whereas preactivated, CD95-sensitive T cells underwent apoptosis. Triggering of CD95 during T cell priming interfered with proximal T cell receptor signaling by inhibiting the recruitment of ζ-chain–associated protein of 70 kD, phospholipase-γ, and protein kinase C-θ into lipid rafts, thereby preventing their mutual tyrosine protein phosphorylation. Subsequently, Ca2+ mobilization and nuclear translocation of transcription factors NFAT, AP1, and NF-κB were strongly reduced, leading to impaired cytokine secretion. CD95-mediated inhibition of proliferation in naive T cells could not be reverted by the addition of exogenous interleukin-2 and T cells primed by CD95 co-stimulation remained partially unresponsive upon secondary T cell stimulation. HIV infection induced CD95L expression in primary human antigeen-presenting cells, and thereby suppressed T cell activation, suggesting that CD95/CD95L-mediated silencing of T cell activation represents a novel mechanism of immune evasion

Phylogenetic ctDNA analysis depicts early-stage lung cancer evolution.

The early detection of relapse following primary surgery for non-small-cell lung cancer and the characterization of emerging subclones, which seed metastatic sites, might offer new therapeutic approaches for limiting tumour recurrence. The ability to track the evolutionary dynamics of early-stage lung cancer non-invasively in circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) has not yet been demonstrated. Here we use a tumour-specific phylogenetic approach to profile the ctDNA of the first 100 TRACERx (Tracking Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Evolution Through Therapy (Rx)) study participants, including one patient who was also recruited to the PEACE (Posthumous Evaluation of Advanced Cancer Environment) post-mortem study. We identify independent predictors of ctDNA release and analyse the tumour-volume detection limit. Through blinded profiling of postoperative plasma, we observe evidence of adjuvant chemotherapy resistance and identify patients who are very likely to experience recurrence of their lung cancer. Finally, we show that phylogenetic ctDNA profiling tracks the subclonal nature of lung cancer relapse and metastasis, providing a new approach for ctDNA-driven therapeutic studies

Google et l'utilisateur. Stratégies discursives de construction d'une hégémonie

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